Kraken is a US-based cryptocurrency exchange, founded in ^[3][4] The exchange provides cryptocurrency to fiat trading, and provides price information to Bloomberg Terminal.^[5] As of , Kraken is available to residents of 48 U.S. states and countries, and lists 40 cryptocurrencies available for trade. Kraken played a role in attempting to recover funds lost by investors during the Mt. Gox implosion.^[6] According to CoinMarketCap, Kraken is the 4th largest cryptocurrency exchange in the world (as of September ).^[7]

Acquisitions[edit]

The exchange has made several acquisitions, including:

• January 19, – the American Coinsetter and the Canadian Cavirtex
• June 27, – the Dutch CleverCoin
• December 13, – the American Glidera^[8]
• March 1, – charting and trading platform CryptoWatch^[9]
• July 1, – conwaytransport.com.au, a software tool that provides access to crypto market data delivered via Google Sheets ^[10]
• July 31, – Interchange, a Portfolio Reconciliation Solution ^[10]
• January 14, – Australian cryptocurrency exchange, Bit Trade ^[11]

History[edit]

Founding & Launch ( to )[edit]

In , founder Jesse Powell visited the offices of cryptocurrency exchange Mt. Gox following that company's security breach.^[12] Powell told Bloomberg News he began working on Kraken as a replacement for Mt. Gox if that company were to permanently close, which it did in ^[13]

In September , Kraken launched after two years of testing and development. The exchange initially offered bitcoin, litecoin, and euro trades. It later added additional currencies and margin trading.^[14]

In July , Kraken joined other U.S. American bitcoin players in the emerging payments and digital currency industry to form the Committee for the Establishment of the Digital Asset Transfer Authority (DATA). The stated aim of the committee was to establish DATA as the future self-regulatory body of the industry.^{[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]} DATA held its first annual meeting in April ^[22][23][24]

In October , Kraken announced that it had discovered major flaws in the Namecoin protocol and would not list the cryptocurrency until they were removed. Former Kraken COO Michael Gronager, during the security analysis for onboarding the new cryptocurrencies, spotted a major vulnerability in the domain registration system and a bug that left .bit domain names susceptible to attacks and reassignment. Although the flaws were soon fixed and Namecoin was listed on the Kraken exchange, it was de-listed two years later after a decline in its trading volumes.^[25]

Series A ( to )[edit]

In March , Kraken received a US$5 million Series A investment led by Hummingbird Ventures. Other investors included Trace Mayer and Barry Silbert (Bitcoin Opportunity Fund).^[26][27][28]

In April , Kraken became one of the first bitcoin exchanges to be listed on Bloomberg Terminal.^{[29][30][31][32][33]}

In July , Kraken was part of a group of businesses that advised Mineyuki Fukuda (who was a member of the Japanese parliament at the time) and his IT committee on forming the Japan Authority of Digital Assets (JADA). JADA is the first Bitcoin regulatory body with government backing.^[34][35]

In May , Kraken announced the beta launch of margin trading, becoming one of the few bitcoin exchanges to offer trading on margin. Initially the maximum allowed leverage for trading long or short was 3x (later raised to 5x).^[36]

In June , Kraken opened a bitcoin pool of Dark liquidity (or “dark pool”).^[37]

Coinsetter Acquisition & Series B ()[edit]

After its public refusal, Kraken expressed an intention to return service to New York residence pending the removal of what it perceived as unfair and counterproductive licensing. Coinsetter announced to clients in December that it would thenceforth impose a $65 fee to offset the cost of the very same BitLicense Kraken refused to afford. In absorbing Coinsetter, and by extension Cavirtex, the following month, Kraken opened up its platform to residents of 37 other states, and to all Canadian residents. Alongside this deal, Kraken announced partnerships with payment providers SynapsePay in the U.S. and Vogogo in Canada, in order to provide its newest clients with access to fiat deposits and withdrawals respectively.^[38]

One month later, Kraken announced the completion of its Series B round of investment lead by SBI Investment, a prominent Japanese venture capitalist firm under SBI Holdings. Following this investment round, Kraken announced two major acquisitions that year: Dutch exchange CleverCoin, which was acquired in June,^[39] and Glidera, a cryptocurrency wallet service allowing users to directly fund Glidera bank accounts with fiat for the purchase of cryptocurrencies on the Kraken exchange.^[8]

Cryptowatch Acquisition & SPDI Charter ( to present)[edit]

In April , Kraken launched fiat funding options to transfer denominated US dollars and government-issued currencies.^[40]

Not long after Monero was listed Kraken continued to list additional crypto-currencies in the following months, such as USDT, MLN and Dash.^[41] In March Kraken acquired popular website Cryptowatch a real time charting site for crypto-currencies that is often used by day traders. During the acquisition they also hired the founder of Cryptowatch Artur Sapek to help integrate Cryptowatch into Krakens systems and further the development of the platform.^[42][43]

In August , Kraken listed Bitcoin Cash - a hard-fork of Bitcoin with all clients that held bitcoin before the fork receiving an equal amount of Bitcoin Cash.^[44] By December Kraken was registering up to 50, new users a day.^[45]

On January 10, , Kraken suspended trading for over 48 hours while it performed an upgrade which was intended to take only 2 hours. Since first opening in , this was the longest interruption to service.^[46] In April , Kraken announced the closing of its services in Japan, after operating since October , by the end of June due to the rising costs of doing business there.^[47]

In February, , Kraken announced that it had raised $ million in a direct offering to its largest customers at a $4 billion valuation.^[48]

In May , Kraken filed a motion in California's Marin County Superior Court to identify ten anonymous reviewers on Glassdoor,^[49][50][51] and have requested the identities of the 10 former-employees from Glassdoor.^[52] Kraken is suing the ten reviewers, claiming they are former employees in breach of their severance contract. The EFF, which represents the anonymous reviewers, claims that identifying the reviewers would harm their first amendment speech rights and chill the speech of others.^[53]

In June , Kraken received $ million from 2, individual investors via a BnkToTheFuture special purpose vehicle.^[54]

In September , Kraken was granted a special purpose depository institution (SPDI) charter in Wyoming, becoming the first cryptocurrency exchange to hold such a charter in the United States.^[55]

Mt Gox Fund Recovery[edit]

In November , Nobuaki Kobayashi, the court-appointed bankruptcy trustee overseeing the Mt. Gox liquidation, announced that Kraken was chosen to assist with the investigation of lost bitcoin and the process of returning remaining funds to creditors.^{[56][57][58][59]} According to an article in the Wall Street Journal, the trustee said that Kraken was chosen because of its proven operating history and because the company reports that its system has never been breached by hackers.^[58]

Mt. Gox, once the world's largest bitcoin exchange, filed for bankruptcy in February CEO Mark Karpelès said at the time that about , bitcoins had been lost, , belonging to the company and the rest belonging to about , creditors. Later Karpelès found about , bitcoins, leaving about , still missing.^[59][58] An article in the New York Times pointed out that the process of returning funds could significantly benefit Kraken because creditors will probably have to create a Kraken account to get their money back and some of them might continue using the exchange.^[59]

In April , Kraken started accepting Mt. Gox creditor claims through its website, a process which required creditors to create a Kraken account. Creditors could also file their claim through the Mt. Gox website. Kraken offered the incentive of up to $1 million in free trade volume to creditors filing their claim with Kraken.^[60] On July 6, the trustee announced that the deadline for filing online claims was July 29, ^[61] However, the trustee did not at that time announce any deadline for the paper filing option.

As of the September 9, creditor meeting, the trustee reported funds secured for the Mt. Gox estate of 1,,, JPY and , bitcoins (together worth about $60 million at the time).^[62] The trustee reported that he was still in the process of trying to secure more funds for the estate and that Kraken's assistance in investigating lost bitcoin was ongoing. No date was given for when the creditors might expect to receive their share of remaining funds, but the trustee said that the date for investigating creditor claims was extended to the date of the next creditor meeting.^[62]

NY Attorney General Inquiry Into Cryptocurrencies ()[edit]

In April, , The New York Attorney General's Office began a fact finding investigation regarding the measures taken by cryptocurrency exchanges to protect their customers and fight market manipulation and money laundering. The New York State attorney general warned that the Kraken cryptocurrency exchange might be breaking the law. "Customers should be aware that the platforms that refused to participate in the OAG's Initiative (Binance, conwaytransport.com.au, Huobi, and Kraken) may not disclose all order types offered to certain traders, some of which could preference those traders at the expense of others, and that the trading performance of other customers on those venues could be negatively affected as a result."^[63] Powell claimed that the investigation was hostile and bad for business, and refused to comply with the inquiry. He claimed that market manipulation "doesn't matter to most crypto traders," and stated that "scams are rampant" among cryptocurrency exchanges.^[64]

In May , Powell said that Kraken was considering registering as an alternative trading system (ATS), which would bring the company directly under U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversight.^[65]

The Attorney General's Office's final report, issued in September , emphasized Kraken's non-participation in the inquiry and referred Kraken (as well as Binance and conwaytransport.com.au) to the New York Department of Financial Services for potential violation of New York's virtual currency regulations.^[66][63][67]

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